| Grilled chicken from seven national restaurant | | | | PhIP and other HCAs are more toxic than |
| chains contains a dangerous carcinogen called PhIP, | | | | commonly known carcinogens such as |
| prompting the Physicians Committee for | | | | benzo-(a)-pyrene. Studies have already found that |
| Responsible Medicine (PCRM) to file a lawsuit | | | | among others, intake of PhIP and other HCAs |
| against the restaurants, the PCRM announced | | | | may increase risk of colon, breast and prostate |
| September 28. | | | | cancer in humans, three most common cancers in |
| The lawsuit was filed under California's Proposition | | | | the United States which are commonly associated |
| 65 in The Superior Court of the State of | | | | with meat consumption. |
| California for the County of Los Angeles to | | | | To reduce HCAs in cooked meat, meat should be |
| compel McDonald's, Burger King, Chick-fil-A, Chili's, | | | | prepared under 392 F or 200 C. Direct heat |
| Applebee's, Outback Steakhouse, and TGI Friday's | | | | should not be used to cook meat. Consumers |
| to warn unsuspecting consumers of the | | | | may also use some spices to inhibit the formation |
| carcinogen. PhIP was found in every sample of | | | | of toxic forms of PhIP in the body. Garlic is one |
| grilled chicken from these restraurants. | | | | of known spices that counteract the |
| "Grilled chicken can cause cancer, and consumers | | | | cancer-causing effect of PhIP. |
| deserve to know that this supposedly healthy | | | | In a study presented at the annual meeting of |
| product is actually just as bad for them as | | | | American Association of Cancer Research held on |
| high-fat fried chicken," says PCRM president Neal | | | | Oct 31, 2005, Ronald D. Thomas, Ph.D. at Florida |
| Barnard, M.D. "Even a grilled chicken salad | | | | A&M University in Tallahassee and colleagues |
| increases the risk of breast cancer, prostate | | | | reported that garlic compound diallyl sulfide (DAS) |
| cancer, and other forms of this lethal disease." | | | | antagonizes PhIP-induced alterations in the |
| 2-amino-1methyk-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine | | | | expression of phase I and phase II metabolizing |
| (PhIP), along with three other heterocyclic amines | | | | enzymes in human breast epithelial cells. |
| (HCAs), known as 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f] | | | | "We treated human breast epithelial cells with |
| quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] | | | | equal amounts of PhIP and DAS separately, and |
| quinoline (MeIQ), and | | | | the two together, for periods ranging from three |
| 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline | | | | to 24 hours," said Thomas. "PhIP induced |
| (MeIQx) are listed by the National Toxicology | | | | expression of the cancer-causing enzyme at |
| Program in the Report on Carcinogen as | | | | every stage, up to 40-fold, while DAS completely |
| reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. | | | | inhibited the PhIP enzyme from becoming |
| Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) including PhIP are | | | | carcinogenic." |
| formed by condensation of creatinine and amino | | | | Another way consumers may try to prevent |
| acids in animal muscle during the cooking of meat. | | | | PhIP-induced cancers is to avoid consumption of |
| A high level of the cancer-causing agents can be | | | | meat. Dr. T. Colin Campbell, a retired nutrition |
| formed in a cooking process at high temperature | | | | professor from Cornell University said in his book |
| for a long time. | | | | "China Study" that consumption of animal protein |
| HCAs are readily absorbed and distributed in the | | | | is linked with elevated activities of enzymes that |
| body. They are metabolized by both phase I and | | | | convert many non-toxic chemicals such as |
| phase II enzymes and become toxic forms, | | | | aflatoxin into cancer-causing agents. Dr. Campbell |
| arylnitrenium ions, which ultimately bind to DNA, | | | | and others have found meat consumption is linked |
| leading to HCA-induced DNA adducts. | | | | with increased risk of many cancers. |