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Article #106: The Unified Theory Of Nutrition Part 2

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Part II - questions: what effects will this diet
...Thus, this reality has led me to have on appetite? What effects will this
Brink's Unified Theory of Nutrition which diet have on metabolic rate? What effects
states: will this diet have on my lean body mass
"Total calories dictates how much weight (LBM)? What effects will this diet have
a person gains or loses;macro nutrient on hormones; both hormones that may
ratios dictates what a person gains or improve or impede my goals? What effects
loses" will this diet have on (fill in the
This seemingly simple statement allows blank)?
people to understand the differences Simply asking, "how much weight will I
between the two schools of thought. For lose?" is the wrong question which will
example, studies often find that two lead to the wrong answer. To get the
groups of people put on the same calorie optimal effects from your next diet,
intakes but very different ratios of whether looking to gain weight or lose
carbs, fats, and proteins will lose it, you must ask the right questions to
different amounts of bodyfat and or lean get meaningful answers.
body mass (i.e., muscle, bone, etc.). Asking the right questions will also help
Some studies find for example people on a you avoid the pitfalls of unscientific
higher protein lower carb diet lose poorly thought out diets which make
approximately the same amount of weight promises they can't keep and go against
as another group on a high carb lower what we know about human physiology and
protein diet, but the group on the higher the very laws of physics!
protein diet lost more actual fat and BTW, both ebooks also cover supplements
less lean body mass (muscle). Or, some for their respective goals along with
studies using the same calorie intakes exercise advice.
but different macro nutrient intakes There are of course many additional
often find the higher protein diet may questions that can be asked and points
lose less actual weight than the higher that can be raised as it applies to the
carb lower protein diets, but the actual above, but those are some of the key
fat loss is higher in the higher protein issues that come to mind. Bottom line
low carb diets. This effect has also been here is, if the diet you are following to
seen in some studies that compared high either gain or loss weight does not
fat/low carb vs. high carb/low fat diets. address those issues and or questions,
The effect is usually amplified if then you can count on being among the
exercise is involved as one might expect. millions of disappointed people who don't
Of course these effects are not found receive the optimal results they had
universally in all studies that examine hoped for and have made yet another
the issue, but the bulk of the data is nutrition "guru" laugh all the way to the
clear: diets containing different macro bank at your expense.
nutrient ratios do have different effects Any diet that claims calories don't
on human physiology even when calorie matter, forget it. Any diet that tells
intakes are identical you they have a magic ratio of foods,
(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11). ignore it. Any diet that tells you any
Or, as the authors of one recent study one food source is evil, it's a scam. Any
that looked at the issue concluded: diet that tells you it will work for all
"Diets with identical energy contents can people all the time no matter the
have different effects on leptin circumstances, throw it out or give it to
concentrations, energy expenditure, someone you don't like!
voluntary food intake, and nitrogen Article References:
balance, suggesting that the physiologic (1) Farnsworth E, Luscombe ND, Noakes M,
adaptations to energy restriction can be Wittert G, Argyiou E, Clifton PM. Effect
modified by dietary composition."(12) of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet
The point being, there are many studies on body composition, glycemic control,
confirming that the actual ratio of and lipid concentrations in overweight
carbs, fats, and proteins in a given diet and obese hyperinsulinemic men and women.
can effect what is actually lost (i.e., Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jul;78(1):31-9.
fat, muscle, bone, and water) and that (2) Baba NH, Sawaya S, Torbay N, Habbal
total calories has the greatest effect on Z, Azar S, Hashim SA. High protein vs
how much total weight is lost. Are you high carbohydrate hypoenergetic diet for
starting to see how my unified theory of the treatment of obese hyperinsulinemic
nutrition combines the "calorie is a subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord.
calorie" school with the "calories don't 1999 Nov;23(11):1202-6.
matter" school to help people make (3) Parker B, Noakes M, Luscombe N,
decisions about nutrition? Clifton P. Effect of a high-protein,
Knowing this, it becomes much easier for high-monounsaturated fat weight loss diet
people to understand the seemingly on glycemic control and lipid levels in
conflicting diet and nutrition advice out type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002
there (of course this does not account Mar;25(3):425-30.
for the down right unscientific and (4) Skov AR, Toubro S, Ronn B, Holm L,
dangerous nutrition advice people are Astrup A.Randomized trial on protein vs
subjected to via bad books, TV, the 'net, carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced
and well meaning friends, but that's diet for the treatment of obesity. Int J
another article altogether). Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999
Knowing the above information and keeping May;23(5):528-36.
the Unified Theory of Nutrition in mind, (5) Piatti PM, Monti F, Fermo I,
leads us to some important and Baruffaldi L, Nasser R, Santambrogio G,
potentially useful conclusions: Librenti MC, Galli-Kienle M, Pontiroli
An optimal diet designed to make a person AE, Pozza G. Hypocaloric high-protein
lose fat and retain as much LBM as diet improves glucose oxidation and
possible is not the same as a diet simply spares lean body mass: comparison to
designed to lose weight. hypocaloric high-carbohydrate diet.
A nutrition program designed to create Metabolism. 1994 Dec;43(12):1481-7.
fat loss is not simply a reduced calorie (6) Layman DK, Boileau RA, Erickson DJ,
version of a nutrition program designed Painter JE, Shiue H, Sather C, Christou
to gain weight, and visa versa. DD. A reduced ratio of dietary
Diets need to be designed with fat loss, carbohydrate to protein improves body
NOT just weight loss, as the goal, but composition and blood lipid profiles
total calories can't be ignored. during weight loss in adult women. J
This is why the diets I design for Nutr. 2003 Feb;133(2):411-7.
people-or write about-for gaining or (7) Golay A, Eigenheer C, Morel Y,
losing weight are not simply higher or Kujawski P, Lehmann T, de Tonnac N.
lower calorie versions of the same diet. Weight-loss with low or high carbohydrate
In short: diets plans I design for diet? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1996
gaining LBM start with total calories and Dec;20(12):1067-72.
build macro nutrient ratios into the (8) Meckling KA, Gauthier M, Grubb R,
number of calories required. However, Sanford J. Effects of a hypocaloric,
diets designed for fat loss (vs. weight low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss,
loss!) start with the correct macro blood lipids, blood pressure, glucose
nutrient ratios that depend on variables tolerance, and body composition in
such as amount of LBM the person carries free-living overweight women. Can J
vs. bodyfat percent , activity levels, Physiol Pharmacol. 2002
etc., and figure out calories based on Nov;80(11):1095-105.
the proper macro nutrient ratios to (9) Borkman M, Campbell LV, Chisholm DJ,
achieve fat loss with a minimum loss of Storlien LH. Comparison of the effects on
LBM. The actual ratio of macro nutrients insulin sensitivity of high carbohydrate
can be quite different for both diets and and high fat diets in normal subjects. J
even for individuals. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991
Diets that give the same macro nutrient Feb;72(2):432-7.
ratio to all people (e.g., 40/30/30, or (10) Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels SR,
70,30,10, etc.) regardless of total D'Alessio DA. A randomized trial
calories, goals, activity levels, etc., comparing a very low carbohydrate diet
will always be less than optimal. Optimal and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on
macro nutrient ratios can change with body weight and cardiovascular risk
total calories and other variables. factors in healthy women. J Clin
Perhaps most important, the unified Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Apr;88(4):1617-23.
theory explains why the focus on weight (11) Garrow JS, Durrant M, Blaza S,
loss vs. fat loss by the vast majority of Wilkins D, Royston P, Sunkin S. The
people, including most medical effect of meal frequency and protein
professionals, and the media, will always concentration on the composition of the
fail in the long run to deliver the weight lost by obese subjects. Br J Nutr.
results people want. 1981 Jan;45(1):5-15.
Finally, the Universal Theory makes it (12) Agus MS, Swain JF, Larson CL, Eckert
clear that the optimal diet for losing EA, Ludwig DS. Dietary composition and
fat, or gaining muscle, or what ever the physiologic adaptations to energy
goal, must account not only for total restriction.Am J Clin Nutr. 2000
calories, but macro nutrient ratios that Apr;71(4):901-7.
optimize metabolic effects and answer the






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